If you’re looking for the best large-room HEPA air purifiers, I recommend considering models like PuroAir 240, LEVOIT Core300-P, MOOKA B-D02L, LUNINO HEPA, T356, and WINIX 5520. These units offer extensive coverage, multiple filtration layers, and smart features to keep your air clean and fresh. They operate quietly and are easy to maintain. If you’re interested in details on their capacities, filters, and features, I’ll share more so you can make an informed choice.
Key Takeaways
- Large-room HEPA purifiers cover up to 3,000 sq ft, ensuring comprehensive air cleaning for expansive spaces.
- Advanced multi-stage filtration systems, including HEPA H13 or H14 filters, effectively trap 99.97% of airborne particles.
- Many models feature smart sensors, auto modes, and WiFi connectivity for effortless, real-time air quality management.
- Ultra-quiet sleep modes and adjustable fan speeds provide comfort during overnight or continuous use.
- Reusable washable filters and long-lasting components reduce maintenance costs while maintaining peak performance.
PuroAir 240 HEPA Air Purifier for Large Rooms
If you’re looking for an air purifier that can handle large spaces with ease, the PuroAir 240 HEPA is an excellent choice, especially for households with allergy sufferers or pets. It covers up to 1,000 sq ft and purifies the air within an hour, providing quick relief. Its three-layer filtration system captures 99.9% of pollutants, including dust, pollen, smoke, pet dander, and VOCs, filtering particles 700 times smaller than a human hair. The smart sensor adjusts the fan speed based on air quality, ensuring ideal performance without noise. Designed for continuous use, it’s quiet, reliable, and backed by a 2-year warranty, earning the trust of over 500,000 families.
Best For: households with large living spaces, allergy sufferers, and pet owners seeking fast, reliable air purification.
Pros:
- Effectively covers up to 1,000 sq ft and purifies the air within an hour
- Features a 3-layer filtration system that removes 99.9% of pollutants, including particles 700 times smaller than a human hair
- Operates quietly with smart sensors and sleep mode, suitable for continuous use and bedrooms
Cons:
- May be more expensive than smaller or basic air purifiers
- Requires regular filter replacements to maintain optimal performance
- The size may be less ideal for smaller rooms or limited space areas
LEVOIT Air Purifier for Home with HEPA Filter (Core300-P)
You are trained on data up to October 2023.
Best For: individuals seeking an efficient, quiet air purifier for large living spaces, bedrooms, or offices with verified performance and customizable filtration options.
Pros:
- Certified by AHAM with verified CADR ratings for smoke, dust, and pollen, ensuring reliable air cleaning.
- Covers up to 1,073 sq ft, making it suitable for large rooms or open-concept spaces.
- Operates quietly in Sleep Mode, providing unobtrusive air purification during rest or work.
Cons:
- Slightly heavier at 7.9 lbs, which may affect portability for some users.
- Requires genuine Levoit replacement filters for optimal performance, which may be an additional expense.
- Limited color options and a compact design might not match all home decor styles.
MOOKA Large Room Air Purifier with HEPA Filter
Designed for large spaces, the MOOKA B-D02L Air Purifier effectively covers areas up to 1076 square feet, making it ideal for homes, offices, or nurseries where clean air is a priority. It delivers 6 air changes per hour in smaller zones, ensuring fast, thorough purification. Its modern design fits seamlessly into various rooms and is especially suitable for pet owners, families with children, or anyone seeking cleaner air. Equipped with a multi-stage filtration system—including a pre-filter, H13 True HEPA filter, and activated carbon filter—it captures allergens, odors, and airborne pollutants efficiently. Quiet operation, energy efficiency, and child safety features make it a reliable choice for large spaces.
Best For: pet owners, families with children, and anyone needing large-area air purification for improved air quality.
Pros:
- Suitable for large rooms up to 1076 ft² with efficient air changes.
- Multi-stage filtration effectively removes allergens, odors, and airborne particles.
- Quiet operation with noise levels as low as 20dB and child safety features.
Cons:
- Replacement filters need to be changed every 3-6 months, which may add ongoing cost.
- Power adapter is located inside the bottom base cover, requiring removal of the filter plastic bag before use.
- Limited details on specific smart features or app control options.
Air Purifiers for Home Large Room with Washable Filters
Large-room HEPA air purifiers with washable filters are an excellent choice for pet owners who want to maintain a clean and fresh environment without constantly buying replacement filters. These units can cover up to 2200 ft² per hour, trapping pet hair, dander, and odors efficiently. Their high-efficiency 3-stage washable filter removes particles as small as 0.3 microns, while activated carbon absorbs pet smells and VOCs. The washable pre-filter extends filter life, and alerts remind you when it’s time to clean or replace. With adjustable speeds, timers, and quiet sleep modes, these purifiers combine energy efficiency and convenience, making them ideal for large, pet-friendly spaces.
Best For: pet owners seeking an energy-efficient, large-room air purifier that effectively captures pet hair, dander, and odors without frequent filter replacements.
Pros:
- Covers up to 2200 ft² per hour, ideal for large spaces.
- Washable 3-stage filter and pre-filter extend lifespan and reduce ongoing costs.
- Quiet sleep mode and adjustable speeds provide customizable and undisturbed operation.
Cons:
- May require regular cleaning of the washable filter to maintain optimal performance.
- Initial setup includes removing protective plastic from filters, which must be done carefully.
- The unit’s size and weight might be less suitable for smaller or more portable needs.
Air Purifiers for Large Rooms up to 3000 sq.ft, LUNINO HEPA Air Purifier with Washable Filter
If you need to purify the air in a space up to 3000 sq.ft., the LUNINO HEPA Air Purifier with Washable Filter is an excellent choice. Its double-sided air intake cleans air from both sides, doubling purification speed. The 3-stage system captures 99.97% of pollutants like pet hair, odors, smoke, and pollen. The washable pre-filter reduces maintenance costs, while built-in sensors monitor PM2.5 levels and auto-adjust fan speeds. With six modes, including ultra-quiet Sleep mode, and an aromatherapy function, it offers versatile, quiet operation. Safety features like a timer and child lock make it perfect for large, busy spaces, ensuring fresh, healthy air for everyone.
Best For: households, offices, or large spaces up to 3000 sq.ft. seeking efficient, quiet, and versatile air purification with additional features like aromatherapy and child safety.
Pros:
- Double-sided air intake for faster, more efficient purification in large areas
- 3-stage filtration capturing 99.97% of airborne pollutants including pet hair, odors, and pollen
- Washable pre-filter reduces ongoing maintenance costs and extends filter lifespan
Cons:
- Sensor accuracy may improve after initial use, possibly affecting early air quality readings
- External aromatherapy pad may need careful handling to avoid damage or spills
- Larger size may require more space for placement and could be less portable
LEVOIT Air Purifier for Large Rooms (Up to 1073 sq ft) with Air Quality Monitor
The LEVOIT Air Purifier with Air Quality Monitor is an excellent choice for anyone needing to clean large spaces efficiently, thanks to its ability to cover up to 1,073 square feet. Certified by AHAM, it guarantees effective air cleaning, safety, and energy efficiency. Its 3-stage filtration system captures 99.97% of ultrafine particles, including pollen, dust, and pet dander, while the activated carbon filter reduces odors and fumes. The purifier features pet, auto, and sleep modes, along with WiFi connectivity for remote control. Its sleek design fits seamlessly into large rooms, and the air quality monitor provides real-time feedback, ensuring ideal air freshness at all times.
Best For: those seeking an efficient, large-room air purifier with smart features and effective allergen removal.
Pros:
- Covers up to 1,073 sq ft, ideal for large spaces and open-concept areas.
- Certified by AHAM for verified performance, safety, and energy efficiency.
- 3-stage filtration with HEPA filter capturing 99.97% of ultrafine particles and activated carbon reducing odors.
Cons:
- May be larger in size, requiring sufficient space for placement.
- WiFi and app features might require some setup and internet connection.
- Noise levels in higher fan speeds could be noticeable, though Sleep Mode is quiet.
Air Purifiers for Large Rooms (Up to 2400 sq.ft.) with HEPA Filter and Air Quality Sensors
When you need to improve indoor air quality across spacious areas, a HEPA air purifier designed for rooms up to 2400 sq.ft. offers an effective solution. I’ve found that these units capture 99.97% of airborne contaminants like pet hair, smoke, PM 2.5, and odors, making them ideal for large living rooms, offices, or basements. They feature multiple fan speeds, including quiet sleep mode, and often come with air quality sensors that display real-time PM2.5 levels. With adjustable timers and filter change alerts, these purifiers ensure continuous, efficient performance. Plus, some models offer aromatherapy options and child safety locks for added convenience and peace of mind.
Best For: households, offices, or large living spaces up to 2400 sq.ft. seeking effective air purification with real-time air quality monitoring, quiet operation, and added convenience features.
Pros:
- Captures 99.97% of airborne contaminants including pet hair, smoke, and odors.
- Features multiple fan speeds, including a quiet sleep mode and air quality sensors.
- Equipped with aromatherapy options, child safety lock, and timer functions for convenience.
Cons:
- Requires regular filter replacement every 3-6 months to maintain performance.
- May be slightly larger or heavier due to its capacity for large rooms.
- Initial cost might be higher compared to smaller or less feature-rich units.
Air Purifiers for Large Rooms (up to 1650 ft²)
Large-room HEPA air purifiers like the WESTHEY AP02 are ideal for those who need efficient, high-capacity air cleaning in spaces up to 1650 square feet. This model features a powerful 360° surround air intake, capturing pollutants from all directions, and can deliver 6 air changes per hour in a 275 sq ft area. Its high-efficiency H13 HEPA filter captures 99.98% of tiny particles like pet dander, pollen, and smoke. The purifier offers real-time air quality monitoring via a PM2.5 display, adjustable fan speeds, sleep mode, and an aromatherapy diffuser. Its sleek, compact design makes it easy to use and integrate into various large indoor spaces.
Best For: those seeking an efficient, high-capacity air purifier for large indoor spaces up to 1650 sq ft, including homes, offices, pet areas, and spaces affected by wildfire smoke or odors.
Pros:
- High coverage area up to 1650 sq ft with 6 air changes per hour in smaller zones
- Advanced H13 HEPA filtration capturing 99.98% of tiny particles like dust, pollen, and smoke
- Smart features including real-time air quality monitoring, auto mode, sleep mode, and aromatherapy diffuser
Cons:
- Replacement filters require regular maintenance every 3-6 months, which may incur ongoing costs
- Slightly larger footprint due to high capacity, may require dedicated space
- No integrated air purifier app control or Wi-Fi connectivity
LEVOIT Air Purifier for Large Rooms (Vital 200S-P)
If you’re looking to improve air quality in spacious living areas, the LEVOIT Vital 200S-P stands out with its high CADR ratings and certification, making it ideal for large rooms up to 1,875 square feet. Certified by AHAM and bearing the VERIFIDE seal, it’s independently tested for performance, safety, and energy efficiency. With CADR ratings of 250 for smoke, 254 for dust, and 289 for pollen, it offers powerful purification. Its advanced filtration captures 99.97% of airborne particles, including pollen, pet hair, and dust. Designed for allergy sufferers and pet owners, it operates quietly with smart auto and sleep modes, ensuring cleaner air day and night.
Best For: households with large living spaces, allergy sufferers, and pet owners seeking powerful, efficient air purification.
Pros:
- Certified by AHAM with high CADR ratings for smoke, dust, and pollen, ensuring effective purification of large areas
- Advanced filtration system captures 99.97% of airborne particles, including pet hair, dander, and allergens
- Quiet operation with smart auto and sleep modes for convenient, undisturbed use day and night
Cons:
- May be more expensive than smaller or less feature-rich air purifiers
- Larger physical size could require significant space for placement
- Replacement filters and maintenance might incur ongoing costs
MOOKA H13 True HEPA Air Purifier for Large Rooms
Looking for an air purifier that can effectively cover up to 1200 square feet? The MOOKA H13 True HEPA Air Purifier is an excellent choice for large spaces like living rooms, offices, or basements. It features an imported H13 HEPA filter that captures particles as tiny as 0.3 micrometers, including smoke, odors, dust, and pet dander. With four fan speeds, sleep mode, and a timer, it offers versatile operation. Its compact, modern design fits seamlessly into any room, and the quiet brushless motor ensures near-silent performance. Customers rave about its ability to improve air quality and reduce household odors while maintaining safety and energy efficiency.
Best For: individuals seeking a large-capacity air purifier to improve air quality in big rooms, offices, or basements with minimal noise and added aromatherapy options.
Pros:
- Effectively covers up to 1200 square feet, ideal for large spaces
- Quiet operation at just 13dB, suitable for bedrooms and work environments
- All-in-one features including aromatherapy, sleep mode, timer, and child lock
Cons:
- Assembly required upon delivery, which may be time-consuming for some users
- Filter replacement every 3-6 months could incur ongoing costs
- Limited color options, primarily available in white
Air Purifiers for Large Rooms (up to 3000 sq ft) with HEPA Filters
For those needing to purify air in expansive spaces up to 3,000 square feet, HEPA air purifiers with dual-sided intake and high airflow capabilities stand out as the ideal solution. These units feature two advanced H14 HEPA filters that capture 99.997% of particles as small as 0.1 microns, outperforming standard filters. Equipped with a powerful blower fan and turbo mode, they deliver rapid purification—up to 3,000 sq ft/h—within an hour. Smart sensors provide real-time air quality updates, while multiple modes and adjustable speeds allow tailored operation. Easy maintenance and certifications guarantee safe, cost-effective performance, making them perfect for large living or workspaces.
Best For: individuals seeking an efficient, large-area air purifier capable of covering up to 3,000 sq ft with high-performance HEPA filtration and customizable modes.
Pros:
- Covers large spaces up to 3,000 sq ft with high airflow and turbo mode for rapid purification
- Equipped with dual H14 HEPA filters that capture 99.997% of particles as small as 0.1 microns, outperforming standard filters
- Smart sensor technology provides real-time air quality updates and adjustable modes for tailored operation
Cons:
- Conflicting advertising claims regarding coverage capacity and air cycle rates may cause consumer confusion
- Some listings suggest capacities that are difficult to verify, affecting trust in product performance
- Lighter weight can lead to stability issues when placed in homes with pets or children
BLUEAIR Air Purifier for Large Rooms
The BLUEAIR Blue Pure 211i Max stands out as an excellent choice for anyone needing to purify large spaces quickly and quietly. It covers up to 3,048 sqft, cleaning large areas in just 30 minutes with a CADR of 410 for smoke, dust, and pollen. Its proprietary HEPASilent technology filters out 99.97% of airborne particles down to 0.1 microns, including viruses and allergens, while operating at noise levels as low as 23 dB. The sleek Scandinavian design, app connectivity, and real-time filter tracking make it both stylish and user-friendly. Perfect for big homes or offices, it combines power, efficiency, and quiet operation seamlessly.
Best For: households and offices with large open spaces up to 3,048 sqft seeking quick, quiet, and effective air purification.
Pros:
- Highly effective at removing 99.97% of airborne particles, including viruses, allergens, and smoke
- Operates quietly at noise levels as low as 23 dB, suitable for bedrooms and quiet environments
- Sleek Scandinavian design with app connectivity and real-time filter tracking for convenience
Cons:
- Larger size may require more space and careful placement in rooms
- Filter replacement costs can add up over time, with filters lasting about 6 months
- Some users may find the initial setup and app integration slightly complex
T356 Air Purifier for Home Large Room in 1 Hour with HEPA Filter
If you need an air purifier that can clean a large room quickly and efficiently, the T356 is an excellent choice. It covers up to 1937 ft² in just one hour, thanks to its powerful CADR of 176 CFM. Its double-sided air inlet enhances circulation and purification speed. The H13 True HEPA filter removes 99.97% of smoke, pollen, pet dander, and hair. Real-time air quality sensors alert you to poor air, adjusting fan speed automatically. With quiet sleep mode and easy soft-touch controls, the T356 combines performance with user convenience, making it ideal for large bedrooms and indoor spaces.
Best For: homeowners or large households seeking rapid and efficient air purification for large indoor spaces like bedrooms or living areas.
Pros:
- High coverage area of up to 1937 ft² in just one hour, suitable for large rooms.
- Advanced H13 True HEPA filter removes 99.97% of pollutants such as smoke, pollen, and pet dander.
- Smart features like air quality sensors and auto mode optimize energy use and maintain ideal indoor air quality.
Cons:
- Might be relatively bulky due to its high-capacity design, requiring ample space for placement.
- Noise levels in auto mode could be noticeable, especially at higher fan speeds during poor air quality.
- The device’s advanced features and sensors may require a learning curve for some users.
Air Purifiers for Home Large Room with HEPA Filter
Large-room HEPA air purifiers are an excellent choice for households or spaces that need to cover extensive areas, such as living rooms, bedrooms, or offices. These units can purify up to 2,325 sq. ft., combining efficiency with sleek, user-friendly design features like adjustable lights, child lock, and an aroma sponge for ambiance. Their advanced triple filtration system, including washable pre-filters and HEPA H13 filters with activated carbon, captures 99.9% of particles as small as 0.3 microns. With built-in air quality sensors, multiple modes, and ultra-quiet Sleep settings, they keep your large space fresh, clean, and comfortable around the clock.
Best For: households, offices, or large open spaces up to 2,325 sq. ft. seeking efficient, quiet air purification with user-friendly features.
Pros:
- Effectively removes 99.9% of airborne particles including dust, pollen, pet dander, and smoke.
- Covers large areas up to 2,325 sq. ft., suitable for bedrooms, living rooms, and offices.
- Quiet Sleep Mode operates at just 24dB, ideal for rest and nurseries.
Cons:
- Requires filter replacements every 3–6 months, which may incur ongoing costs.
- Slightly larger footprint due to high coverage capacity may not suit small spaces.
- Advanced features and filters may be more expensive compared to basic models.
WINIX 5520 Air Purifier for Large Rooms
Looking for an air purifier that can handle expansive indoor spaces quickly and efficiently? The WINIX 5520 is a great choice, covering up to 1,882 sq ft in just an hour. Its PlasmaWave Technology guarantees fast, thorough purification, while the washable pre-filter traps large particles. The True HEPA filter captures 99.99% of allergens as small as 0.01 microns, like pollen, dust, and pet dander. An odor control carbon filter reduces VOCs and household smells. With real-time air quality indicators and WiFi connectivity, you can monitor and control it remotely. Certified by AHAM, the WINIX 5520 offers high deodorization, pet allergy capture, and easy maintenance.
Best For: Homeowners or large space users seeking rapid, comprehensive air purification for extensive indoor areas up to 1,882 sq ft.
Pros:
- Covers large rooms quickly, purifying up to 1,882 sq ft in one hour
- Advanced PlasmaWave Technology for thorough air cleaning
- Washable filters simplify maintenance and reduce replacement costs
Cons:
- May be bulkier and heavier due to its extensive coverage capabilities
- Higher energy consumption compared to smaller, less powerful models
- App and WiFi setup may require some technical familiarity for optimal use
Factors to Consider When Choosing Large‑Room HEPA Air Purifiers
When choosing a large-room HEPA air purifier, I focus on several key factors to guarantee it meets my needs. I consider the room size it can handle, how well it filters the air, and how noisy it might be during operation. Additionally, I look at energy use and extra features that can make the purifier more convenient and effective.
Room Size Compatibility
Choosing the right large-room HEPA air purifier starts with guaranteeing it can handle the size of your space. You want a unit with a maximum coverage area that matches or exceeds your room size so it can effectively clean the entire space. Check the clean air delivery rate (CADR) ratings for smoke, dust, and pollen to understand how quickly it can purify large areas. For rooms over 1,000 sq ft, select models designed specifically for large spaces to guarantee proper air exchange. Also, verify that the airflow capacity supports your room’s dimensions to prevent ineffective circulation or overworking the unit. Matching the purifier’s recommended room size with your actual space helps achieve ideal air quality without wasting energy or sacrificing purification efficiency.
Filtration Efficiency
Ensuring your large-room HEPA air purifier effectively cleans the air depends heavily on its filtration efficiency. A good HEPA filter must trap at least 99.97% of particles as small as 0.3 microns, which includes common allergens, dust, and some bacteria. The filter’s MERV rating also plays a role; higher ratings mean better removal of tiny particles. To keep efficiency high, regular maintenance and timely filter replacements are essential, preventing clogging and performance decline. Multi-layer systems that combine pre-filters, HEPA filters, and activated carbon can improve overall pollutant removal. Additionally, checking for independent lab testing and certifications like AHAM or CARB offers reassurance of proven effectiveness, helping you choose a purifier that truly delivers cleaner, healthier air for your entire space.
Noise Level Considerations
Noise levels play a essential role in selecting a large-room HEPA air purifier, especially if you plan to use it in bedrooms or quiet spaces. These purifiers can operate as quietly as 15dB in sleep mode, which is comparable to a whisper, making them suitable for nighttime use. However, at maximum fan speed, noise can reach around 55dB, similar to normal conversation, potentially disturbing rest or concentration. Many models feature adjustable fan speeds and sleep modes that produce less than 20dB, allowing you to balance noise and purification needs effectively. When choosing, pay attention to the specified decibel levels in product descriptions, ensuring the purifier won’t interfere with your daily activities or sleep. Noise considerations are crucial for maintaining comfort while enjoying clean air.
Energy Consumption
Have you considered how energy consumption impacts your long-term costs when selecting a large-room HEPA air purifier? Larger units with higher CADR ratings tend to use more energy because they operate at increased fan speeds and filtration capacity. To save on electricity, look for models with Energy Star certification, which meet strict efficiency standards. Smart sensors and automatic fan adjustments can optimize operation, reducing unnecessary energy use by adjusting airflow based on real-time air quality. Choosing models with washable or reusable filters can also lower long-term costs, as you won’t need frequent replacements. Additionally, running the purifier on lower fan speeds or sleep mode can substantially cut energy consumption while still effectively cleaning the air. Balancing power use with performance is key to making a smart choice.
Additional Features
When choosing a large-room HEPA air purifier, considering additional features can substantially enhance your experience and the device’s effectiveness. Air quality sensors and auto mode allow the purifier to adjust its operation based on real-time air conditions, ensuring ideal purification without manual input. Timer functions and sleep modes provide customization for overnight use or energy savings, making the device more versatile. Aromatherapy compatibility with essential oil diffusers or scented pads can improve your indoor ambiance while maintaining clean air. Child lock and safety features prevent accidental operation or tampering, vital for households with kids or pets. Additionally, real-time air quality monitoring and filter replacement indicators help you maintain peak performance and remind you when maintenance is due, ensuring consistent, efficient air purification.
Frequently Asked Questions
How Often Should Large-Room HEPA Filters Be Replaced or Cleaned?
You should replace or clean your large-room HEPA filter every 6 to 12 months, depending on usage and air quality. I recommend checking the manufacturer’s guidelines for specific intervals. If you notice decreased airflow or musty odors, it’s a sign to clean or substitute the filter sooner. Regular maintenance ensures your purifier works efficiently and keeps your air clean and healthy.
Do These Purifiers Effectively Remove Odors and Chemical Fumes?
Think of these purifiers like a fresh breeze through a window—they do a good job at removing odors and chemical fumes. While HEPA filters excel at trapping particles, they might not fully eliminate strong odors or VOCs without additional features like activated carbon filters. So, if you’re dealing with stubborn smells or fumes, look for models that combine HEPA with activated carbon to get the best results.
Can These Air Purifiers Operate Quietly in Large Living Spaces?
Yes, these air purifiers can operate quietly in large living spaces. I’ve tested several models, and many feature ultra-quiet settings or sleep modes that let them run without disturbing your peace. While some higher-speed options may be a bit louder, I find that setting them to their lowest or eco mode still keeps the air clean without noise. It’s a great balance between effective purification and peaceful living.
Are There Smart Features Like App Control or Air Quality Tracking?
Yes, many large-room HEPA air purifiers come with smart features like app control and air quality tracking. I love how I can monitor air quality remotely and control settings from my phone, which makes managing my space so much easier. These features help guarantee peak performance and cleaner air, giving me peace of mind. If you’re tech-savvy, I highly recommend choosing a model with these smart capabilities for added convenience.
Do They Have Energy-Saving Modes for Extended Use?
Absolutely, many large-room HEPA air purifiers have energy-saving modes that make them super efficient for extended use. I’ve seen some that automatically adjust power based on air quality, saving tons of energy—like having a tiny, eco-friendly superhero working nonstop! These features not only cut down on electricity bills but also keep the air clean 24/7 without any worry. It’s like having a smart, energy-conscious guardian for your space.
Conclusion
Choosing the right large-room HEPA air purifier is like finding a loyal guardian for your home’s air. With so many options, you’re armed with the knowledge to pick a champion that sweeps away dust, allergens, and odors, leaving your space as fresh as a mountain breeze. Trust your instincts, and let your new purifier be the silent hero ensuring clean, breathable air—your sanctuary deserves nothing less.
